Choose a specific commodity, idea, or institution and evaluate its Essay

Choose a specific commodity, idea, or institution and evaluate its impact on history at any point prior to 1815 - Essay Example It gives brief information about the impact of gunpowder on history and also explains how it created gunpowder empires. This paper also focuses on the most famous Gunpowder Empires in the early modern period. The creation of gunpowder empires was considered to be a giant leap for Islamic countries towards stabilizing the politics and identifying themselves as territories. All these empires impacted politics and cultures of various parts of the world. Invention of Fireworks, which is led by Gunpowder in the 9th century by Chinese Alchemists as an elixir of immortality has largely impacted the entire world (Sivin, Nathan, 1994). Initially gunpowder was used in fireworks and pill-making process in the 9th century. When the formulae of gunpowder came to the strategists, they made it as a substance, which was explosive in nature. According to the Chinese formulae in the 10th and 11th centuries, Gunpowder was made with 27 to 50 percent of nitrate. But as time passed, the nitrate levels in Gunpowder was increased to large extent so that it could become an explosive bomb such as grenade bomb. When you read the book â€Å"Huolongjing† written by Jiao Yu, you can clearly understand that the nitrate levels in the 14th century were increased to 90 percent (Needham, Joseph, 1986) Most of the Islamic countries were also impacted due to the Gunpowder. By the mid of the 12th century most of the Arab scientists also acquired the knowledge on gunpowder. During the wars against Transoxania in 1219 and 1240, Genghis Khan used a Chinese catapult unit to invade Caucasus. It is not a surprise to say that the invention or introduction of Gunpowder had changed the destiny of many wars in the world (Khan, Iqtidar Alam, 1994). With the introduction of Gunpowder to Medieval Army, the facets of medieval warfare have been changed. The use of Gunpowder had been continued in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries in

European Cars Are Better Than Japanese Essay Example for Free

European Cars Are Better Than Japanese Essay The design is specialized to cater to the specific needs of a consumer. Every country in the world manufactures its own cars, whether it is Japan, America or Europe. European cars are vastly superior to Japanese cars when examining performance, design and safety. The key feature that makes European cars better than all other cars is performance. Performance of a care is judge by how well the, brakes, suspension, traction, transmission and engine work. When European car manufacturers talks about performance they are referring to power generated by the car. European cars manufacturers combine all the aspects of performance to create an extraordinarily spectacular engine, which has maximum horse power and torque. Some European cars engines are hand-built, which helps delivers performance at a perfect level. Power from the engine has to be delivered to the wheels; transmission plays a vital role in delivering the power and speed from the engine to wheels. Car manufacturers in Europe develop a transmission system which is particularly adept at applying output so that it can be delivered quickly, smoothly and efficiently when called upon. European car manufacturers are especially renowned for their designs, because their designs allow precision in handling, efficiency in engine performance and good brakes. An efficient power output of the engine leads to an increased maximum speed limit that the car can reach. To maximize the speed that a car can reach the external shape of the body of a car is designed with special care as well. When European car manufacturers talk about speed, they keep in mind the aerodynamics of the car. Designers ensure that the car has a streamlined body shape, which reduces air resistance experienced by a car while it is in motion. In addition, aerodynamics designing provides for the external appearance of the car to look elegant, fashionable, artistic and sensational. European cars are made out of high-strength steel body panels make the safer when an impact takes place. They are manufactured with 7 different air bags inside the care to avoid the impact and causing the driver and passenger to be much safer. If a car can reach high speeds in a short span of time then it needs good brakes. European engineers ensure safety and handling does not become an issue for the driver and the passenger by providing an anti-lock braking system. This system prevents the car from skidding and allows the driver with greater control over the car because due to the anti-braking system the wheels of the car are only gradually reduced in speed. Rather than bringing the wheels of the car to an abrupt halt, the brakes of the car provide with better independent suspension for each wheel, which can help withstand shocks and bumps. European cars are superior in performance design and safety. Japanese cars lack behind in performance when compared to European cars. They have weaker and lighter engines, which only reduce the manufacturing cost, but result in giving a poor performance. Japanese car engines are manufactured on low budget. The lack in use of technology during the production makes the cars less reliable, because the finished engine does not produce much power. Less power means less torque and horsepower. Production companies in Japan manufacture engines using heavy equipment and machinery. This allows them to produce cars in a greater quantity, but there is no guarantee for quality . Japanese engineers focus on building lighter engines which gives more gas millage. Japanese cars are designed using weaker body structures making the car lighter. They use to steel alloy to manufacture the exterior of the less expensive material. Exterior of the car is brittle enough to not to withstand an impact, hence making less safe. Japanese cars are not safest car in the world. To avoid the cost to manufacture the car, they use disk brakes which have a higher risk of worning out faster than anti-lock brakes. They use one suspension for two pair of wheel, which causes to feel the smallest shock and bump while ridding the car. Japanese car don’t use that much technology to make their car safe enough. European cars are superior to Japanese cars. They are better in performance, design and safety. European cars are comfortable, luxurious and high end cars. Japanese cars are ordinary and standard cars. Japanese cars are cheaper that European, but buying an expensive car gives you a lot of option to enjoy the ride of the car. , and produce products with a superior passenger cabin but employ lower standards outside of the cabin. Disk brakes, Alloy Wheels, and Brake Override Systems have been standard on most mid-size domestic cars for years, yet are still optional or non-existent on many major Japanese mid-size cars being sold today. Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practised by skilful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage. With 72% of its body panels made from high-strength steel, theody structure is even more rigid than its renowned predecessors. The advanced front crumple zone has been refined with approximately 17,000 computer-simulated collisions and 150 crash tests. An innovative front bulkhead and deformation zones that act on four independent levels to help divert the energy of a frontal impact under, over and around the passenger cabin.

Internet Cafe Business Plan :: Business Entrepreneurship Management Essays

Internet Cafe Business Plan 1.0 Executive Summary JavaNet, unlike a typical cafe, will provide a unique forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the Internet. JavaNet is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants: (1) access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the Internet, and (2) access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they aren't socially, economically, or politically isolated. JavaNet's goal is to provide the community with a social, educational, entertaining, atmosphere for worldwide communication. This business plan is prepared to obtain financing in the amount of $24,000. The supplemental financing is required to begin work on site preparation and modifications, equipment purchases, and to cover expenses in the first year of operations. Additional financing has already been secured in the form of: (1) $24,000 from the Oregon Economic Development Fund (2) $19,000 of personal savings from owner Cale Bruckner (3) $36,000 from three investors (4) and $9,290 in the form of short-term loans. JavaNet will be incorporated as an LLC corporation. This will shield the owner Cale Bruckner, and the three outside investors, Luke Walsh, Doug Wilson, and John Underwood, from issues of personal liability and double taxation. The investors will be treated as shareholders and therefore will not be liable for more than their individual personal investment of $12,000 each. The financing, in addition to the capital contributions from the owner, shareholders and the Oregon Economic Development Fund, will allow JavaNet to successfully open and maintain operations through year one. The large initial capital investment will allow JavaNet to provide its customers with a full featured Internet cafe. A unique, upscale, and innovative environment is required to provide the customers with an atmosphere that will spawn socialization. Successful operation in year one will provide JavaNet with a customer base that will allow it to be self sufficient in year two. Highlights 1.1 Objectives JavaNet's objectives for the first three years of operation include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The creation of a unique, upscale, innovative environment that will differentiate JavaNet from local coffee houses. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educating the community on what the Internet has to offer. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The formation of an environment that will bring people with diverse interests and backgrounds together in a common forum. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good coffee and bakery items at a reasonable price. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affordable access to the resources of the Internet and other online services. 1.2 Mission As the popularity of the Internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access is quickly becoming a necessity of life.

Evil Paper: Abraham Lincoln Assassination Essay

Thesis: The Abraham Lincoln Assassination was a horrible and tragic event, and the way the country was so strongly divided up at that time affected the way the events of the assassination played out before, during and after the evil event. Topic Sentence: Much before the assassination, the Union and the confederacy were strongly divided in the country and shared many different viewpoints of how the country should be run, and the reader can see how easy it would be for a member of the Confederacy to feel the need to plot a plan for the murder of the Union leader, Abraham Lincoln. Context: John Wilkes Booth and his fellow Confederate sympathizers wanted to plot a plan to capture the president and take him to the Confederate capital of Richmond in a plan to demand peace or the release of confederate soldiers. Example: â€Å"That means nigger citizenship, now, by God, I’ll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever make†(Hamner). Analysis: Booth is expressing his hateful emotions after the speech he just heard from Lincoln. The speech Lincoln stated included the idea of getting the country united as one, and giving the right for literate African-Americans to vote. Booth did not like either one of these ideas Lincoln had in mind (more so giving the African-Americans the right to vote) and stated that he will put him through, and this will be the last speech that he will make. Booth is foreshadowing his murder of Abraham Lincoln. Topic Sentence: After a very well thought out plan with his fellow Confederate sympathizers, John Wilkes Booth was ready to complete the task he vowed to finish; to kill the President of the United States. Context: John Wilkes Booth and his fellow Confederates had tried numerous times to take out the president, though none of the plans worked. However, on the night of April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth was excited to hear the news that Abraham Lincoln would be attending a play nearby the area that Wilkes was at that time. On that night in Ford’s theatre, at 10:15 p.m. Booth snuck into Lincoln’s private box, pulled out his .44 caliber pistol and shot Lincoln in the back of the head. Wilkes somehow escaped the theatre with a broken leg, and left everybody in the theatre in awe of what had just occurred. Example: â€Å"Sic semper tyrannis!†(John Wilkes Booth Biography) Analysis: This statement was said by John Wilkes Booth just moments after he shot the president in the back of the head. Although this was said in Latin, in English this quote means â€Å"thus always to tyrants†, which was the Virginia state motto at the time. Lincoln was not considered to be a tyrant of the time, but that didn’t mean that Booth didn’t think that way. This quote can be translated to â€Å"this is what happens when you are a tyrant.† This shows that Booth had a very true hate for the 16th president of the United States, did not believe in his moves as a president, and most importantly wanted the Confederacy to dominate the Union. Topic Sentence: This horrible event put many Americans in a state of shock and uncertainty, and in the aftermath of the assassination many Union members seek to go after and kill everybody involved in this gruesome act. Context: The search for Booth was one of the largest manhunts to take place in history, as many as 10,000 federal troops, police officers, and detectives were attempting to locate the trail of the assassin. After Booth fled the capitol, he was met by David Herold, who would help him cross the Anacostia River into Maryland. Booth stopped by Dr. Samuel Mudd’s house on the way, where his leg was treated (Mudd’s assistance of Booth gave him a life sentence in jail). Booth was then assisted by Confederate agent Thomas A. Jones, who helped him cross the Potomac River to Virginia, where Booth and Herold would hide for the time being. Nearly two weeks after the assassination, the union soldiers located Booth and Herold in a farmhouse, to which the soldiers set fire. Herold surrendered, but Booth stayed inside. As the fire got worse, one of the soldiers shot Booth (the sergeant claimed that Booth raised his gun like he was going to shoot). Booth eventually crawled out and three hours later was pronounced dead. All four of the Confederates who assisted Booth in the plotting of killing Lincoln were executed by hanging. Example: â€Å"Useless, useless!† (Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination) Analysis: Moments before Booth died, Booth stared at his hands and shouted â€Å"useless† because he was referring to his inability to do anything for the last three hours of his life (as he was paralyzed from the shot he took in the barn). Booth wanted to go down with a fight and was unable to due to his disability, making Booth very mad at himself. Works Cited â€Å"Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination.† History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . -This article provided by history.com provided a good description of the assassination from the plotting of the assassination to the aftermath. The website also provided some videos that proved to provide meaningful information for the sake of my research paper. Overall the best source I had, and I was able to really get a good idea of what the assassination was all about. Hamner, Christopher. â€Å"Teaching History.org, Home of the National History Education Clearinghouse.† Booth’s Reason for Assassination. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . -The author of this article, Christopher Hamner seems to have a good idea of the assassination, and is very successful at giving me information about Booth’s reasoning for his murder of Lincoln. Hamner is a very qualified historian, and he teaches at George Mason University. Hamner gave me detailed information of the assassination, which will be very beneficial for my paper. â€Å"John Wilkes Booth Biography.† Bio.com. A&E Net works Television, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . -Biography.com does a very good job of giving me quotes, videos, and a good text reference of the assassin, John Wilkes Booth. My paper was focused mostly on Booth and his actions throughout the assassination, and biography.com helped give me a good portion of my information that I used in this paper.

Influence of Pastoral Romance

How far is it possible to recognize the influence of Pastoral Romance and Classical Comedy in the opening scene of ‘As You Like It'? One way it is possible to recognize the Influence of classical comedy in the opening scene is through the dialectic structure, which is a key theme of old comedy, shown by the conflict between the brothers Orlando and Oliver. The conflict between them Is created by the fact that, despite his father's dying wishes, Oliver hasn't educated Orlando; given him his Inheritance he was promised or acknowledged him as his brother.Evidence of this Is hat Orlando says ‘my father charged you†¦ To give me good education†¦ You have trained me Like a peasant, obscuring and holding from me all gentleman-Like qualities The use of the word ‘charged' suggests their father soul has power even In death out of respect for the dead and out of respect for him as a father, which In turn leads to the assumption power is a hereditary thing that you are born into or with. This links to the argument whether you can, in fact, work your way up to a position of power rather than just being born into it.However there is also evidence of a pastoral influence when Charles says they live like the old Robin Hood of England'. This suggests the country side (The Forest of Arden) is beyond the cares and laws of the court. And also shows the forest through a sophisticated townsman's idealized image of rural life. Whereas in real life- as much as a life in the forest is much more carefree and relaxed- it also holds its own problems and harsh rules of living with nature. Also, the use of the words ‘old Robin Hood' suggests the forest is a place of fairy tales and tradition.Another influence of classical comedy is that it challenges he political, social and moral traditions established within the court which is a main component of old comedy. The way traditions are challenged is through Orlando standing up to his older brother for his right to his inheritance and respect. Quotes showing this are ‘l will no longer endure it' and ‘or give me the poor allotter my father left me by testament. ‘ This shows he is challenging the established authority in his life, which makes it a political issue.Also because it is his own brother he Is challenging makes it a social and moral issue because it is emotional. In conclusion, Shakespearean ‘As You Like It' is more strongly influenced by classical comedy than pastoral romance, despite the fact that It does contain some elements of pastoral literature such as the idea of the court being a place of rules and harsh regulations and lifestyles, and the country being an Idyllic, unrealistic place where there are rules, but these rules are much less harsh and they are run on the basis of natural order of the forest.Examples of classical comedy Influencing the play are through the use of challenging established Ideas and authorities, and through the use of conflict which appears between both the two Dukes and the two De Bolls brothers (doubles). Influence of Pastoral Romance and/or Classical Comedy in As You Like It By oligarchic the influence of classical comedy in the opening scene is through the dialectic brothers Orlando and Oliver.The conflict between them is created by the fact that, inheritance he was promised or acknowledged him as his brother. Evidence of this is trained me like a peasant, obscuring and hiding from me all gentleman-like qualities ‘. The use of the word ‘charged' suggests their father still has power even in death out of respect for the dead and out of respect for him as a father, which in turn leads to rather than Just being born into it.However there is also evidence off pastoral his life, which makes it a political issue. Also because it is his own brother he is pastoral romance, despite the fact that it does contain some elements of pastoral of rules and harsh regulations and lifestyles, and the countr y being an idyllic, influencing the play are through the use of challenging established ideas and Dukes and the two De Bois brothers (doubles).

6 Essential Tips to Memorize to Save on Advanced Presentation Skills Training

6 Essential Tips to Memorize to Save on Advanced Presentation Skills Training 6 Essential Tips to Memorize to Save on Advanced Presentation Skills Training When you are tasked with creating a presentation for a class, having advanced presentation skills training can help you impress your audience and make your performance mind-blowing. There are tons of courses online that offer such training, but some of them are ineffective or expensive. It is for this reason that learning these tips are a much better investment as far as improving your skill-set is concerned: Give Slides with Just One or Two Bullets to Summarize Your Content This is important. When you are creating your slide, add one or two words which function as a roadmap to the presentation. This is essential for the audience and for you. You can prepare yourself by making sure you have just a few keywords which remind you of all the sections to cover, and the order of stating your info. Divide Your Information into 3 Main Points Again, it is very crucial to follow this tip. You don’t want to be overloaded nor do you want your audience to be over informed. By separating the slides and the notes into three main points, you can cover your presentation just as easily as you would write a 5 paragraph essay. You will stay on point, and so will your audience. Edit for Clarity You want to only have the keywords you need in your presentation. This means you will likely condense or edit for clarity on more than one occasion. You will benefit from making a list of the words and phrases your audience need to pay special attention to and try to articulate that list from memory. Have the ability to take self-assessments, even those created by yourself: they help to memorize the information you need to deliver without using prompts and cue cards. This might include practicing on someone else before you present to your class. Find Great Images to Represent the Points You Make They say a picture is worth 1000 words and this is absolutely true for a presentation. If you can find one great photo to represent your content, you will have no issue remembering the related facts or notes when you are presenting. The photo is not just there to drive your point home, but to attract the attention of the audience and make them remember what you are talking about. Use Notes Sparingly and Keep the Audience Engaged You will want to have some notes so that you can really remember key items, but not so many that you fail to notice the fact that no one else is listening. Do what you can to rely upon the pictures and bullet points inside your slides and presentation. Ask Easy Questions of Those Paying Attention For example, if you see someone on a cell phone and you ask them a series of questions, you will come off as though you are scolding them in class. But if you regularly ask questions after each slide or two, you can avoid looking like the angry parent and still keep the audience engaged. Overall, the ability to remember, especially when you are giving a presentation is paramount. The more you can remember the better eye contact and presentation you can make. But it’s essential to keep the audience attentive as well because they need to extract something from your presentation too. That’s why you need to follow the tips listed above and make your PowerPoint presentation short, precise and bright.

River Birch Is a Favored Yard Tree in the Southern U.S.

River Birch Is a Favored Yard Tree in the Southern U.S. River birch has been called the most beautiful of American trees by Prince Maximilian, the emperor of Mexico when he toured North America shortly before his short-lived reign. It is a favorite yard tree in the southern United States and is sometimes messy to maintain if you are not hands-on when dealing with your yard. Betula nigra, also known as red birch, water birch, or black birch, is the only birch with a range that includes the southeastern coastal plain. It is uniquely the only spring-fruiting birch in North America. Although the wood has limited usefulness, the trees beauty makes it an ornamental highlight, especially at the northern and western extremes of its natural range.  Most river birch bark peels in colorful flakes of brown, salmon, peach, orange, and lavender and is a bonus for regions deprived of paper and white birches.  Ã‚   In his book, The Urban Tree Book, journalist, novelist, and publisher Arthur Plotnik entices amateur arborists to go tree peeping in U.S. cities. He gives vivid descriptions of trees he spots along his trek: Only the shaggy brown river birch seems truly adapted to cities, holding its own with urban heat blasts and the deadly borer. River Birch Habit and Range River birch grows naturally from southern New Hampshire south and west to the Texas Gulf Coast.  River birch is well named as it loves riparian (wet) zones, adapts well to wet sites, and reaches its maximum size in rich alluvial soils of the lower Mississippi Valley. Even though it loves wet ecosystems, the tree is heat-tolerant. River birch can survive modest droughts and does not compete with your lawn for water. River birch transplants easily at any age and grows into a medium tree of about 40 feet and rarely to 70 feet. River birch occupies large eastern north-south ranges in North America from Minnesota to Florida. The tree needs direct sunlight and is intolerant to shade.   River Birch Varieties The best river birch cultivars are the Heritage and Dura-Heat varieties. The Heritage or Cully cultivar was selected in 2002 as the tree of the year by the Society of Municipal Arborists. The trees wood has very little commercial value but is extremely popular as an ornamental tree that features salmon-cream to brownish bark that peels to reveal a creamy white inner bark that can be nearly as white as the white-barked birches. It is hardy  in  all U.S. climate zones, it is fast-growing, nicely forked, wind and ice resistant.   According to Michael Dirr,  horticulturist and a professor of horticulture at the University of Georgia, who praise the varietal in his book, Trees: Heritage river birch is an excellent selection with superior vigor, larger leaves, and greater resistance to leaf spot. Dura-Heat is a somewhat smaller cultivar that features creamy white bark color, better tolerance to summer heat, better insect and disease resistance, and superior foliage to the species. It typically grows 30 to 40 feet tall as a single trunk or multi-trunked tree. Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit of a River Birch The tree has male and female catkins, which are slim, cylindrical  flower  clusters that are grouped in 3s. The small cone-like fruit  opens and sheds small  nutlet  seeds in spring. What makes yard work a chore with the river birch are the falling catkins, fruit, and flaking bark that constantly litter the yard. The summer leaves have a leathery texture with a dark green upper side and light green on its  underside. The leaf edges are teethlike, with a double serrated appearance. The leaves are in the shape of ovals. In the autumn, the leaf color is golden-yellow to yellow-brown, and leaves have a tendency to drop quickly. River Birch Hardiness Zone River birch  is hardy through zone 4 on the U.S. Department of Agriculture zone map. The USDA Hardiness Zone Map identifies how well plants will withstand the cold winter temperatures. The map divides North America into 13 zones, of 10 degrees each, ranging from -60 F to 70 F. So, for zone 4, the minimum average temperatures are between -30 F and -20 F, which includes the entire U.S. with the exception of Alaska.