Philosophy of Mind Essay

Since centuries, our philosophers stir been trying to unravel mysteries of our memory, thought processes, different emotions, will violence and imaginations culminating into what is known as different intellectual and conscious assort of our personality. Our encephalon, as our great literary figures have posited, is a stream of our consciousness and is a part of our brains inherent processes. Our bear in mind is a place where our reasoning power finds the variant and requires the pr practiceical form. As also said in Indian Vedic philosophy, He who knows the receptacle (Ayatana) verily becomes the receptacle of his people. Mind is verily the receptacle (of all our knowledge). (Chhandogya Upanishad, V-i-5.)Different studies by our philosophers have been compounded into various theories each delving into the depth of various aspects of our mind processes. Its earliest studies have been found in the works of Zarathushtra, Mahatma Budha, Plato, Aristotle, Adi Shankara and many more ancient Greek and Indian Philosophers. Many of the pre scientific philosophers based their theories on alliance between the mind and the soul, super instinctive elements of faith, having a feeling of closeness with divinity or god, but on the early(a) hand modern theorists based their theories on their research and scientific studies of the brain.These theories rely heavily on the fact that the mind is a phenomenon of the brain and is a tantamount of consciousness. The study of the relationship between the automobile trunk and mind is the nearly central aspect to the philosophy of mind, despite of the fact that in that respect are number of issues related to the nature of the mind which does not take into consideration its relationship to the physical body.The most crucial and complex differences of thoughts are arising among different theorists regarding the exact and most appropriate theory of mind. Though various theorists have developed their own different versions to receive us understand our own extending of mind yet as more and more theories are access up, more and more it is getting difficult to come out with the best theory of all.As all theories are able to capture the intensity of readers to make us understand the core of our mind and thoughts, yet it is very challenging to understand Which is the best? Here I am trying to unravel the enigma to understand which theory-Dualism, mind-brain identity or functionalism is a correct theory to understand all about mind.Dualism is a most important school of thought that has essay to solve the most paradoxical and most important relationship of mind and body problems. It has tried to make several(prenominal) attempts to sure that mind and body in some way or the other detach from each other. Roots of Dualism dates far back to Plato, Aristotle and the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy but in a most precise way it was understood by Rene Descartes only in the 17th century. His philosoph ical disposition is based on the fact that the mind is independent in itself and constitutes cardinal different kinds of substances like res extensa meaning extended things, physical things and res cogitans means thinking things, (Descartes, Online Edition ).The thinking things are beyond the dimensions of quantify and space and are thus separate in itself whereas Property dualists thinks that there are several independent properties known to us. It is quite clear from his disposition that he is trying to explain the importance and concept of soul, giving religious discourse. But in this all, he has tried to explain that there is an interaction of mind in pineal gland, from where there is a control on bodily actions and receive sensory perceptions.But this approach of Dualism is not without criticism as its properties are more of dubious in nature. Their theory is based on religion and their ardent faith but no element of scientific fact is found in this. If we visualize and under stands that if there is a soul in our physical body and the soul can have drastic effect then it is quite natural that it should be able to generate new energy to bring the bodies into moment. It is argued that if the soul exists and it can affect the body then it must be able to realize new energy to move the body, but this is sheer violation of the theory of the conservation principle. Owen Flanagan, in his The Science of the Mind says,If the mind according to Descartes is not a physical system therefore it also could not have any energy to prove herself but in-order to increase this physical energy, the need of the hour is to get it transferred from other physical system but it is not possible. (Owen Flanagan, pp. 21, Mind creators.com).To overcome the limitations of the Dualism, several philosophers and psychologists began to ignore the very concept and existence of mind itself and by doing so their expectations to touch the cord of mind began to flow towards the realistic part s of our lives. Therefore in the beginning the new generation of philosophers came up with what is known as reference Identity Theory. They posters the view that though the structure of every persons brain is similar yet in the brain of every person there are certain differences therefore it is not possible to find oneself in a position of same neurological state.Therefore this theory soon took the shape of Token Taken theory implying that if there are two people having different neuropsychological states, then what is it that brings them into the same mental state? And to this they answered that it is due to the function of those two states only that had created them same. This leads to functionalism theory, which says that, Two different brain-state tokens would be tokens of the same type of mental state if the two brain states had the same causal relations to the enter stimulus that the organism receives, to its various other mental states, and to its output behavior. (Function alism, online edition).In simple words, he said that there were supposed to be two thoughts, which are same, and all of the inputs, internal and external, lead to the same output. With this statement, psychologists tried to bring all the conditions of the mind set in equilibrium. This leads to the functionalism theory.Though there are several problems to this approach too yet we can very say that if this theory of functionalism is adopted, it will take us into next major breakthrough, but all is not well with Functionalism too as it failed to explain in clear terms the fact that even if there are conditions of different physical states which gives different real(a) phenomenon, then there is no possibility of different physical structures to regain equality. .While there is a great controversy to come at the concrete conclusion about which one is correct theory of mind,, but it is a matter of fact that functionalism is the most popular theory among scientists as well as philosophers of today. According to this theory, all the aspects of mental state like beliefs, pains, hopes, fears, etc. depends and are divided on the bases of their activity and are characterized by the jobs they do, or in other words according to the functions that they perform. Just like computers understands the main idea behind our thoughts process in the same way our brains captures our thought processes from our mind and induces us to act accordingly.WORKS CITEDAnderson, David. Introduction to Functionalism Consortium on Mind/Brain Science Instruction. Internet. (2006) Available http//www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/functionalism_intro/functionalism_intro.php?modGUI=44&compGUI=1403&itemGUI=2447, surround 5, 2008Cofer, David. Dualism MindCreators.Com Internet. (2002) Availablehttp//www.mindcreators.com/Dualism.htm, March 5, 2008Cofer, David. Functionalism MindCreators.Com Internet. (2002) Available http//www.mindcreators.com/Functionalism.htm, March 5, 2008McAdoo, Oliver. Critically discu ss the idea that mental states are identical to physical states arrod.co.uk Internet. Available http//www.arrod.co.uk/essays/mind-brain-identity.php, March 5, 2008Chance, Tom. Mind-brain identity theory Internet. Availablehttp//tom.acrewoods.net/research/philosophy/mind/identitytheory, March 5, 2008Swamy Sivananda, Mind Its Mysteries & Control, The Divine Life Trust Society, 1994, World Wide Web Edition, 1998, A Divine Life Society Publication, Internet Available, http//www.dlshq.org/download/mind.htmFlanagan, Owen (1991). The Science of the Mind, 2nd edition. MIT Press. pp. 21.

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny? What do you think totalitarianism means? When we think of tyranny, we consider its harsh absolute provide in the hands of whizz individual, like King George Ill. In James Madisons argument for his support of the Constitution he wrote that The accumulation of every last(predicate) power in the aforesaid(prenominal) hands, whether of one and only(a), a few, or mevery is the very definition of tyranny. In 1787, the framers came together in Philadelphia to write the Constitution to help guard against tyranny.The Constitution guarded gainst tyranny in several ways which were federalism, separation of power, checks and balances, and big invokes versus down(p) states. The beginning(a) guard against tyranny was federalism which means the federal principle of g everywherenment. In the Federalist Paper 51 James Madison wrote that In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided in the midst of d euce distinct governments, and the portion lot to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. (Doc. A). Madisons idea was known as Federalism, the division of ower between commutation and state governments.Federalism provides a double security to the people by the arise of the peoples rights. Central and state governments have shared and separate powers. For instant, both governments set up courts and pass laws. Powers given to the Central Government were regulate trade, declaring war, scenery up post offices, and making immigration laws. Powers given to the states were holding elections, setting up local governments, passing marriages and divorce laws, and establishing schools. Federalism protects against yranny because both governments were meet and gave people a say in the government.A second guard against tyranny was separation of power which means the government divided into three carve upes. They separated the government into the executive distinguish, legis lative branch, and Judicial branch. In the Federalist Paper 47 James Madison said The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the identical hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may be Just marked the very definition of yranny (Doc B). The idea Madison advocated with this quote was that through the separation of powers there tyranny shouldnt form.The Job of each branch is to protect the rights of the people. The separation of powers protects against tyranny because one branch spatenot do something without the consultancy of another branch. This provided equal powers between the three branches. The third guard against tyranny was checks and balances which means a balance in power. As indicated in the chart, document C, the legislative branch or congress has check over he executive and Judicial branch it support override the vote of the executive branch and approve of presidential nominations. Wi th the Judicial branch it could impeach judges and remove them from office.They could also do the same with the President and remove him or her from office. The executive branch could appoint Judges to the Supreme Court and can veto Congressional legislation. The Judicial branch can declare laws un intact and declare presidential acts as unconstitutional. James Madison said that (The three branches) should not be so far separated as to ave no constitutional control over each other, meaning that without check and balances it would be one step closer to a tyranny, because one of the branches could gain all the control of the power (Doc C).In that the fght over how the states should be stand for in congress began. The fourth and final step the delegates implied was the arguments between the small and big states and how they should be represented in congress. In the Constitutional Convention there was a big fuss over how the states should be represented, so that the big states votes o r uggestions wouldnt override the votes or suggestions of the smaller states. They came to the agreement known as the Great Compromise.In the compromise the agreed that under the House of Representatives the states would be represented by population (Doc. D). This made the large states happier because they would have more representation over the smaller states. They also agreed to that the Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators per state, making the smaller states happier because of the equal representation. With the compromise the states ould become united and this would help guard against tyranny.In the Constitutional Convention the delegates and Madison used arguments of federalism through the division of powers, checks and balances and the arguments between the larger and smaller states to guard against tyranny. Although checks and balances and the arguments between are important reason to prevent tyranny, the most important reason for the prevent of tyra nny is the separation of powers, through the separation of powers the delegates insecurity of our rights. Therefore preventing one group gaining control of all powers.How Did The Constitution Guard Against Tyranny?Tyranny is a malicious enemy, it leases over and, will make you go against your will. The Articles Of Confederation was the first step the American Colonists took to get rid tyranny, but that dramatically failed. The Articles Of Confederation was missing many key parts such as a central government, there was no president, and the wasnt even a court system. Also it didnt justify a currency for the whole country.When you went to other states, they all had diametrical currencies, so it was almost impossible to buy things, because people didnt know how much one currency was worth compared to the other. Another problem the Articles Of Confederation didnt cover was that there was no way for the central government to force states to pay their taxes. This was a problem because i f states didnt pay their taxes, the states would be a autocrat over the federal government. American Colonists decided that they require a new constitution if they didnt want the country to fall apart.The framers of the constitution defend us from the terrible evil of tyranny using four methods, which were, Federalism, dividing the government into three branches, a system of checks and balances, and preventing large states from creating a tyranny over the small states. account A shows that the first step the framer took to protect us from tyranny was using a form of government called Federalism. Madisons idea of division of power between central and state governments is known as federalism. (Doc A) From the chart in Document A, you can clearly see that this prevents any tyranny from hazard.Powers that are needed to run a country are given to the federal government such as Declaring war, coining money, and conducting foreign relations. (Doc A) Also powers that are needed for a st ate are given, such as holding elections, and regulating in-state business. (Doc A) Powers that are needed by both states, and the federal law are shared. This prevents any tyranny from happening because the states cant take control of federal powers, and the federal government cant take control of state powers. They can only take the power shared and the powers they own.The second step the framers took to protect us from tyranny was divide the central government into three branches. The section taken from the constitution its self shows the three branches of government. James Madison said, the accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, wether of one, a few, or many, and wether hereditary, self-appointed, or elected, may be justly pronounced the very definition of tyranny. (Doc B) The constitution clearly doesnt put the powers of legislative, executive, and judiciary in one, or many hands.All the branches have split powers. The Legislative branch can only have the powers of congress. (Doc B) The Executive branch has powers vested within the president. (Doc B) Lastly, the Judicial branch has its powers vested in the highest court of the nation, the Supreme Court. As you can see the constitution prevents any branch to gain any more power from other branches. You may ask, wasnt Germany a democracy before Hitler took over? Yes it was, but the next split explains how the constitution prevented any other branch from taking over powers of another branch.The framers of the constitution created an ingenious way to prevent tyranny of one branch over other branches, with a system of checks and balances. James Madison said, the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that they may be a check on the other. (Doc C) The diagram shows the branches have checks on each other. If the president tries to take the power of another branch, than the legislative branch can impeach the president. (Doc C) This is one of the checks of the legislative branch on the Executive branch.Each branch has a check of every other branch, so if one branch is doing something wrong, another branch can check the wronged branch, and fix the problem. This probably answers your question on how another branch cant take control. iodine of the last things the framer of the constitution did to make sure no tyrant would arise, was to make sure the smaller states got a fair vote in congress. In the constitutional convention, two plans were proposed called the Virginia plan, and the New Jersey plan. The Virginia plan was favored large states, and was based of population.The New jersey plan favored small states, and gave each state an equal amount of votes. Eventually they came up of something called the great compromise, and they proposed that congress would be composed of the senate, and The House Of Representatives. The House Of Representatives is based of population, which provides fairness to large stat es. (Doc D) On the other hand, the Senate has two representatives from each state, which provides fairness to smaller states. (Doc D) Undoubtedly, this provides fairness among both large, and small states, ultimately taking a closer step to rid of tyranny.To sum it up, the framers of the constitution protected us from the terrible evil of tyranny using the four methods, Federalism, dividing the government into three branches, a system of checks and balances, and preventing large states from creating a tyranny over the small states in congress. James Madison said, the accumulation of powers in the same hands, wether of one, a few, or many, is the very definition of tyranny , and the constitution does a good hypothesize of preventing that. The framers succeeded in creating a well built constitution because all four methods have created security that no tyrant, or tyranny would arise.

Reaction Paper Last Princess by Kara David Essay

Stories of princess were part of our childhood memories. We dream of becoming one during those times. But in Tumandok tribe in Tapaz, Capiz, Philippines, there were women, who were treated the likes of a princess. They are known to be the binukot. in front seeing the documentary of Huling Prinsesa (Last Princess), I was really excited because who knew that a 3rd world ground like the Philippines would afford to have a princess. Then I realized, Philippines was not a 3rd world country then. And I remember that during the pre-Hispanic period we used to have datus, babaylans, pandays so having a princess would not be faraway from reality. Philippines though colonized by foreigners, retained its rich culture and I think this is one of the proofs.The binukot was usually the prettiest daughter of the chief tribe. The term was derived from bukot which means to keep. Binukot was not allowed to go outside the support. Thats why her food was usually delivered in her room. She entrust be taught to memories and sing different epics. Going outside the house is not a simple task. The binukot needs to be carried on a cradle so that her feet will be kept clean.The tribe believed that the binukot has a supernatural power. During planting and harvesting time, she will be brought to the heighten to perform, for them to have a bountiful harvest.At present there are still few binukot on some part of Panay Island. But the danger of losing this tradition is very high, for most women of Panay preferred to be an banausic citizen instead of becoming a princess. Stories of princess were part of our childhood memories. We dream of becoming one during those times. But in Tumandok tribe in Tapaz, Capiz, Philippines, there were women, who were treated like a princess. They are known to be the binukot.The tour to the remote mountains of Capiz is tough an hours-long motorcycle ride and several hours more of trekking across rivers and up and protrude rocky, slippery slopes. It is a c hallenging feat for anyone who wants to see and explore a mysterious tradition uphold for decades among some of the mountains isolated communities.The trip took some time and I thought its worth the detainment just to see the Last Princess, from the trip alone, it made me really curious of what will princess look like. I-Witness travels to the Tapaz Mountain, considered the furthermost in Capiz, located in the central Philippines island of Panay. The mountain people called the tumandoks live in Tapaz, and I-Witness searched for the tribes last remaining princesses called the binukots.Reporter Kara David reaches the community of Rizal Sur, a village that looks just like any different isolated community, where the tumandoks living in traditional huts and survive on whatever nature provides them. In the middle of this community, she meets one of the last remaining binukots, 73-year-old Lola (grandmother) Isiang.Lola Isiang lives in an old hut, just like everybody else in the commu nity. However, she has stayed inside a room in the house ever since she was five years old, living in isolation as the familys chosen binukot.

Social Entrepreneurship

There are substantial issues related to kind entrepreneurship and how they are dealing with challenges including competition, structure, adapting to a changing economic and amicable environment, and employee retention and satisfaction. There is a perception by many small businesses that an unsporting competition exists because a non gelt may already be an established agency with resources of their own.They argue that fond entrepreneurship may take a significant piece of a limited customer base that is overlap by struggling small businesses. Differing views among scholars raise the issue of definition, mission, and validity of amicable entrepreneurships. In America, some swear that genial entrepreneurship must remain in the private sector and operated as a substitute for social welfare. (Bacq & Janssen 2001)Others limit their focus to the social entrepreneurs role within the organization. Bill Drayton of The American Social Innovation train posits that the social entreprene urs characteristics as a change agent are the central element of social entrepreneurship, period others insist that the organization must remain the primary focus.The mission-centric nature of social entrepreneurship is a check of enmity as well. Scholars are divided over the necessity to link the social mission with the financial polishs. near believe that the commercial activities do not need to be connected to the social mission, so vast as the revenues are used to fund the social activities.Adam Smith (1976) suggests that businesses, although may have unspoilt intentions, are easily dissuaded from the pursuit of social good. Dees and Anderson (2003) also acknowledge the risks of conflicts between having both a social mission and wealth creation objective, admitting that successful examples of such setups are rare in practice.In some instances, as observed by Dees (2012), the social mission can be at odds with profit motives. (Dees, 2012, p. 321). Dacin, Dacin, and Matear (2010, p. 45) also highlight that it is an increasingly important concern that all forms of business face how to weave social and economic concerns into the fabric of organization management, to the mutual satisfaction of stakeholders.Additionally, Dees and Anderson (2003) suggest that the most significant challenge of operating(a) a for-profit social enterprise is the complexity of combining two opposed objectives which are amplified by the pressures to agree social mission in pursuit of financial performance.Regarding mission drift, scholars argue that the business model brings much tensions that benefit. They suggest that situations will inevitably arise due to the different objectives leading to a divergence of goals and values. Smith, Gonin & Besharov (2013) point to the competing demands and the ethical dilemmas that are likely to arise in such a situation.Seedco (2007) adds that even though social entrepreneurs have a strong commitment to the social goal, they may be quickl y moved from this goal due to increasing financial problems (Seedco 2007).

Mark Twain Essay

The possession and safeguarding of empire on distant discharges by a nation is called Imperialism. The term was familiar to the Americans only during mid nineteenth century. Mark Twain verbalised his attitudes against imperialism in many of his works and also declared it in harsh words. I am an anti imperialist, I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land. Later he became the vice-president of Anti-Imperialist League.The protagonist Hang Morgan in A Connecticut Yankee in index Arthurs Court, was brought back to sixth century England which was a time of extensive political, economic and social problems. The superstitions and fear of supernatural forces oppressed the lives of ordinary people. There he became The Boss by means of his little scientific knowledge. The Camelot is not a place of strange social setting to the protagonist, but he failed to see what was happening beyond his suggestions.Edmund Reiss (in his afterward to A Connecticut Yankee in King Art hurs Court) quotes Twain as having give tongue to This Yankee of mine has neither the refinement nor weakness of a college education. He is a perfect know nothing. The problem of imperialism is well extracted through the single character, Hank Morgan. Hank succeeded in bringing advancement to the people and society through technology and science. Clarence is a typical six century youth, who later en suite himself to nineteenth century.The summons was against what happened in Hank, who now wishes to be in the past, with Sandy. Through the depiction of the two characters itself, Twain tries to unravel the lordly and negative aspects of imperialism. Through the massacre at the end of the story and Merlins victory, Twain reminds the readers closely mens need of having faith in supernatural powers. References Twain Mark. ( 1889) . A Pen warm up Up in Hell, Harper and Brothers, USA Twain Mark. (1889),A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. Harper & Brothers, USA .

Compariosn of pre 1914 and Wilfred Owen’s poems Essay

By comparing and contrasting a selection of fight verse forms, consider the ways in which attitudes to contend nurture been explored and expressed. When considering poem write post 1900 c formerlyntrate on a selection of poems written by Wilfred Owen.War has been an influential topic for poesy for mevery centuries and through its catastrophic cruelty and star of patriotism has created many of the most brilliant poets and most controversial poems ever written. With each different war uprises different poets who want to write their views on it and solely as motives of war differ, so do the opinions of the poets close to see war as barbaric and destructive, whereas others portray it as a way of ennobling integralnessself. originally the technology and media coverage we have nowadays, stories of battle were passed lot by account book of mouth and were often written in poetic form so they could be memorized easily.Just as the ar troughery used in the wars has changed, t he way war is portrayed has as well. onwards World War 1 began in 1914, it was seen as a glorious opportunity for custody to serve and defend their country. In many poems war is compargond to a game, for example in Vitai Lampada written by Henry Newbolt, the refrain Play up Play up And play the game is restate at the end of each stanza to try and rally the soldiers and ready them for battle. Newbolt uses the leit motif of comparing chip to playing a cricket match to ease the pressure off the soldiers by making it seem fun and competitive. He uses the simile Beat through life standardized a torch in flame to portray how the schoolboys have responsibilities and alike to lay down how these must be passed down through the generations to protect their country, unless like the Olympic torch.War is withal compared to a game in Henry Vs speech in Shakespeares play, Henry V. He declares The games afoot, once again understating the enormity of the battle. In addition Shakespeare us es the battle cry God for Harry, England and Saint George to generate that the English are on the righteous side and have a duty to serve their country.Before 1914, there was no compulsory military service and therefore Britain did not have a wide army like other European countries. However World War 1 was so large, gulp needed to be introduced, meaning all manpower of the appropriate age were obliged to go to war. along with conscription came the propaganda to encourage custody to join up and a popular form was poetry. Poets like Jessie pope and Rupert Brooke wrote poems convincing men that war would be an exciting opportunity with their friends and that it is their duty to honour and serve for England. However, one of the most famous war poets, Wilfred Owen, had a different view of the war. At beginning(a) he wrote in a similar way to the likes of Pope and Brooke, only if after experiencing first-hand action in the front course of study his work became less idealistic. unr ivalled of Owens most famous poems is Dulce et Decorum est. The Latin title way of life it is sweet and fitting to die for your country and it is used ironically to anticipate an idealistic poem, but it is kind of the opposite. Owen wrote this poem in reply to the jingoistic recruiting poems written by Jessie Pope they glorify war and demand it seem like a great opportunity for men to have an adventure with their friends. In the first two lines of Dulce et Decorum est, Owen uses the vivid enounce picturery of old beggars and coughing like hags and the commentator thinks that he is describing psyche elderly or of low status. However, in the lines that follow, we realize that Owen is actually talking about soldiers who are walk away from the front lineTill on the haunting flares we turned our backsAnd towards our distant rest began to trudge. Owen uses the word haunting to portray that the battle they have endured will stay in their minds forever. To convey the exhaustion of t he men Owen uses hyperbole men marched asleepdrunk with fatigue. This shows how fighting was physically draining for the soldiers and contradicts the glamorous image that Popes poems conjure up.In the second stanza Owen illustrates the terrifying scene of a bodge attack. He repeats the word GAS for a second time in capital letters to convey a sense of urgency and also to imply how fatigued the men were as they needed it to be repeated louder a second time for them to realise the situation. Owen uses polysyllabic words like ecstasy and fumbling and unqualified to convey a sense of panic and alarm. He describes how one man did not get his atom smasher mask on in time and is floundring like a man in eruption or lime.This portrays that the gas he is inhaling is burning and the image as under a color sea, I saw him drowning is very powerful because it shows that the gas overwhelms his lungs and as water does when you drown. The line In all my dreams, before my helpless sight shows how Owen will remember that scene forever, and the word helpless suggests that he standnot do anything about the flashbacks and horrible memories he will have to endure but it also implies that he could not do anything to help the soldier who was dying. Owen uses the adjectives guttering, choking, drowning to illustrate the soldiers horrific death the word guttering is especially effective as you use it to describe a candle about to go out, just as the mans life is about to be extinguished.Owen change tastely attacks Jessie Pope in the stand up stanza. He sarcastically addresses her as my friend and uses gruesome comparisons like Obscene as cancer and bitter as the cud of vile to portray the horror of war. The line incurable sores on innocent tongues implies that the some soldiers who were very young will have terrifying memories with them for the rest of their lives. He appeals to the senses by using abhorrent and graphic imagery If you could hear, at every jolt, blood-Come gar gling from the froth-corrupted lungs. The adjective froth-corrupted illustrates how the mans lungs had been plagued by the gas and what a horrific death he had to endure. He uses the simile like a devils sick of sin to describe the soldiers face, suggesting a sense of repulsion and disgust. Owen depicts the soldiers as children torrid for some desperate glory portraying that Popes recruiting poems wrongly persuaded boys that were not of age to vulnerably serve their country. In the last two lines Owen frames the poem by repeating the title, but he uses it ironically as he introduces it is The old Lie, contradicting other pre World War 1 poems that give the burden men will be considered heroic if they serve their duty.Owen once again opposes the notion that women will handle soldiers, who return substructure from war injured, like heroes in his poem Disabled, Owen opposes the idea that women will cover up the soldiers, who return from the war injured, like heroes. In the poem F all In by Harold Begbie, he persuades men to join the army by using the sexual attractiveness of women. The lines When the girls line up in the street, yelling their love to the lads come back, implies the men will be seen as courageous and gallant for fighting. However, Owen explains this is not the nerve in the linesNow he will never feel again how slim,Girls waists are, or how warm their problematical hands,All of them touch him like some prevent disease. The metaphor like some queer disease expresses how the women are afraid he may be contagious and how they find him repulsive.Just as in Dulce et Decorum est, at the beginning of the poem we think Owen is describing an elderly man because he uses the articulate ghastly suit of grey which infers old age. But then we discover how he threw away his knees he chose to enlist for the army and that is portrayed a grave mistake, a waste of his life. The line Poured it down shell-holes till the veins ran dry also infers that the man o pted to fight as the verb poured suggests that he did it himself. In addition, Owen portrays how the boy was not make by principles to sign up Someone had said hed look a theology in kilts. He had been induced by vanity and also to please his Meg once again the notion of impressing the women is used. Even though his face was younger than his youth the line Smiling they wrote his lie patriarchal nineteen years, shows that the authorities were unscrupulous as they knew he was just a boy but calm let him sign up.Disabled is a very contrasting poem and Owen repeats the word now to accent the contrast between what he was, and what he has now become Now he is old. Owen uses the motif of football throughout, but not in the positive way Newbolt does in Vitai Lampada. He uses it ironically to show the difference between his life before the war when he was fit and agile, and now when he is condemned to a passive lifestyle in a wheelchair. When he was playing football he liked a blood sme ar down his leg, implying that he thought it looked manly and would impress the girls.Now however, he can only watch boys playing football voices of play and pleasure after day and the women do not see him as heroic as their eyes Passed from him to the strong men that were unanimous. The word whole creates a strong image of him being limbless and is powerful as it is not very compassionate, just like the women. In the last two lines, Owen repeats the rhetorical question Why dont they come? The first question is directly addressing the nursing staff, portraying that they do not care for the wounded solider or are disgusted by his wounds and the second question portrays a sense of abandonment he is manifold because he fought in the war and people should honour what he has done instead of pitying and disposing of him.Owens Mental Cases has a similar theme to Disabled except it focuses on the mental aspect of fighting and not the physical aspect. The purpose of this poem is to describ e to the reviewer that the conditions were so terrible in the prime(prenominal) World War that it drove people insane. The tone of the poem is an unfounded one Owen portrays his opposition to the war through line such as Multitudinous murders they once witnessed. The word multitudinous means the plebeian people and shows how Owen thought that the ordinary people of Britain were being slaughtered and that young, fit men were the cause of untimely deaths. It also emphasises the vast scaled of the murders and the intensity of the war.Owen uses very powerful and vivid imagery in the first stanza with phrases such as drooping tongues and purgatorial shadows to describe the men. The word purgatorial suggests that they are trying to cleanse their soulfulness of the sins they have committed, but are trapped by their own violent actions in the war. Owen uses the word shadows to portray them as ghosts, men that go unnoticed because they are insane and not normal. This is ironic because they were probably once very fit and able and are now spending their lives in an institute.The first stanza poses the question of what do the men mad and Owen uses rhetorical questions to engage the reader but what slow panic gouged these chasms round worry sockets? This phrase conjours up a strong image of the men being wide eyed with a constant look of terror upon their face. Owen utilizes the phrase slow panic to infer that the men have been field to a form of torture and that they have painfully been made to suffer. The phrase deeply gouged suggests wrinkles implying that the men are quite old however we learn that the men have not lost their minds due to age, but due to war. The lines Always they must see these things and hear them,Batter of guns and the shatter of flying muscles, use real and gruesome imagery to describe the battles. Onomatopoeia is used through the words shatter and batter making the reader almost hear the tremendous bangs of the guns and making them unde rstand the intensity of the situation. The phrase human squander portrays Owens thoughts that many multitudinous murders took place and that their lives were lost for no reason it was a mistake.In the final stanza Owen describes to the reader how the mental cases wish they were dead so they did not have to remember the atrocious carnage that they have seen Dawn breaks open like a war that bleeds afresh. This simile is effective because usually pervade brings new beginnings and fresh opportunities, but to these men it just means they have to endure memories of what the war did to them. This poem is a very soulal one as in the last four lines Owen uses words like us and brother. This shows that the men blame us for allowing what happened to occur, and how they wish that they did not have to be reminded of it any longer.Wilfred Owens wrote hymn for fated Youth not to portray the mental and physical effects of war like Disabled and Mental Cases, but to explain how a whole generation of men were subject to gruesome injuries or brutal deaths during the First World War. The title is deliberately ironic because the word Anthem usually suggests celebration however the tone of this poem is bitter and mournful. It also infers that Owen is mocking poets like Rupert Brooke who say it is honourable to die in the war. The first line is a rhetorical question and it uses plosives, portraying an angry tone. The metaphor for these who die as cattle is effective because it infers that the soldiers are being slaughtered.The soldiers are referred to as Doomed Youth as there were no prayers nor bells for them as they died on the battlefield, just the monstrous anger of the guns, suggesting that the make out of deaths were so widespread there was no separate emotion for each man, their deaths were unimportant like that of cattle. This incarnation also infers that the weapons were taking control of the soldiers and that their actions are that of monsters. Owen portrays how there i s no time for sentiment of the battlefield in the line The shrill demented choirs of wailing shells this personification is effective because when a person dies they are believed to be at peace, but when you die on the battlefield the destruction and devastation carries on nigh you regardless.Owen portrays how the men came from ordinary backgrounds in the phrase sad shires and he describes how the family of the soldiers did have funerals for them back at home in the line what candles may be held to speed them all? The devastation of their deaths is shown through the line the paleness of girls brows shall be their pall suggesting that their girlfriends are sorrowful and also by using the plural it shows how a whole generation of women may not be able to find husbands because so many young men were killed in action. In the last line, a drawing-down of blinds is a fitting way to end the poem, but it could also be associated with traditional drawing down of blinds in a room where a dea d person lies and furthermore it infers that so many soldiers lives were now over.I enjoyed reading Wilfred Owens poetry more than the pre 1900 poetry as it gave me a realistic view of what the effects of war were on the soldiers and their families. World War One was the most devastating and barbaric war to date and therefore I believe that Owens poetry is more fitting as it gives a personal aspect to the poems, portraying the soldiers as humans, not just as statistics, but also showed them like animals to make the vast scale of the murders evident.

Culture and Organisation Essay

1. IntroductionEstablished in 1993 and commenced operations on 18 November 1996, AirAsir was origin bothy founded by a government-owned conglomerate DRB-Hicom. On 2 December 2001, the heavily-indebted airline was purchased by former S breakh East Asiatic regional vice-president Warner Music Group Tony Fernandess comp both Tune Air Sdn Bhd for one ringgit. AirAsia Berhad is a Malaysian upset-cost airline. It operates scheduled domestic and international escape cocks and is Asias largest low- amount, no-frills airline. AirAsia is a pioneer of low-cost flights in Asia and was besides the first airline in the region to implement fully ticketless travel. Its main base is the low-cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). In 2010 AirAsia won the Skytrax Worlds trounce low-cost airline award.Air Asia bud take hold of with no-frills airline is introduced by Tony Fernandes with the tagline Now everybody arouse fell and the man himself is also the founder of Tune Group. No fuel surcharge and no admin fee. However, ticket fargon and airport tax need to be paid. This was after great deliberation as the initial passing play was fifty sen. Fernandes proceeded to engineer a remarkable turnaround, turning a profit in 2002 and launching revolutionary routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur International Airport at breakneck speed, undercutting former monopoly operator Malaysia Airlines with promotional f ars as low as RM1 (US$0.27).2. Identification of central issueThe main issue that will be discussed in the summary will be Tony Fernandesset of determine and beliefs that specifyd the comp all collective socialization. In six words, corporeal tillage is How we do things around here. Corporate culture is the collective behaviour of people using harsh corporate vision, goals, dual-lane value, beliefs, habits, operative language, systems, and symbols. With the tagline introduced by CEO of AirAsia Tony Fernandes Now everyone can fly, AirAsias philosophical system of low f bes is aimed to make flying affordable for everyone. AirAsia also aims to make travel easy, convenient and fun for its guests. A firm believer in big dreams, can be found online (Profile-Tony Fernandes of AirAsia, 2006) Tony Fernandes famously once said, We Asian rescue this habit of kicking ourselves and saying it cant be done. Anything is possible when you put your brainiac to it. (http//www.rdasia.com/a_dream_takes_flight/, no date). At AirAsia, in that respect is a sense of being in a true family.Tony Fernandes believes that his employees are his greatest assets and encourages a culture that emits positive vibes to ensure that every player in the squad is committed and unified to set about achieving their shared goals. He once said in an interview, We do every bit we can to succeed, including making sure that we fork up the right atmosphere at work. safe hold opening our culture intact entails a lot. We have to make sure that we stay true to winning values and traits industry, appreciation for diversity, discipline, flexibility, honesty, friendliness, passion for learning and excellence, and a genuine concern for the welfare of all. This shows that he began by riding horse the right foundation on which his company operates on. Maintaining the AirAsia culture is a lot of work, but it does not designate all work and no fun for the employees. According to Tony Fernandes, the AirAsia staffs are all quite happy to ease up towards keeping what they call Culture All Stars.Organisational culture (hrm ASIA, 2010). It is what their success has been built on and what keeps their staff access back for more. Tony Fernandess credo, Believe the unbelievable. Dream the impossible. Never take No for an answer has clearly helped shape the AirAsia culture to what it is today. (http//www.rdasia.com/a_dream_takes_flight/, no date). Weve somehow managed to keep this uplifting atmosphere going for us, and we attribute our succes s to our collective faith in, and commitment to, our raison detre Now everyone can fly. Organisational culture (hrm ASIA, 2010) We will next delve deeper for a better reading of how the values of the Corporateculture turned AirAsia into one of the leading airlines in Asia.3. adumbrate of the theoretical frameworkWe will be using the trinity levels of agreemental culture as delimitate by Edgar Schein (2010) to analyse AirAsia. Culture, as formally defined by Schein (2010, p.18) is a pattern of shared underlying assumptions learned by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and indwelling integration, which has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and liveliness in relation to those problems. The three levels of culture are namely artifacts, espoused beliefs and values, and basic underlying assumptions. Artifacts are depict by Schein (2010, p.23) as the surface level of cu lture, as they can include the things that a person see, bring out and feel when they join a new group and are experiencing their culture for the first time. Artifacts are gross and feelable grammatical constructions and processes, and can also be an observed way. However, one drawback is that they can be difficult to project and retrace (Schein, 2010, p.24). Thus, the true culture of the organization cannot be understood by solely looking at the artifacts.To understand more, it is necessary to look at the next level. Espoused beliefs and values are goals, values, aspirations and ideologies shared by everyone in an organization. Normally, these values are laid down by the leaders or founders of the organization (Schein, 2010, p.25). However, espoused beliefs and values can sometimes be correlatively contradictory (Schein, 2010, p.27). Thus, the organizations culture is only understood just on the surface level. Basic underlying assumptions, which are unconscious and taken-for -granted beliefs and values provide for a deeper understanding of an organizations culture. Schein concluded that the essence of a culture lies in the pattern of basic underlying assumptions (Schein, 2010, p.32).If the basic underlying assumptions are not deciphered, it will be hard to understand the artifacts and espoused beliefs and values correctly. As Schein (2010, p.32) himself had concluded, any groups culture can be studied at the three levels. The three levels of culture allows for an analysis of AirAsias organizational heathen from an observational level. Information can be readily force from business reviews, news articles on AirAsia, interviews with AirAsias founder Toney Fernandesand AirAsias website, thus making Edgar Scheins three levels of culture an ideal model for analysis of AirAsias culture.4. Analysis5.1 ArtifactsIt is a normal procedure to have an induction organized by the tender Resource Management team to welcome new employees into the AirAsia corporation . A corporate culture department in AirAsia was set up in August 2004 to promote the AirAsia bosom and family atmosphere through close communication and exciting activities designed especially for AirAsia employees. This act supports the statements do by Tony Fernandes that his employees are the driving force behind the brands success. The objective is to ensure that the AirAsia employees crosswise the macrocosm uphold the culture of ONE PEOPLE, ONE CULTURE, ONE AIR ASIA and ONE FAMILY to r all(prenominal) the goal of ensuring the trump out experience at ONE AirAsia wherever they fly. The people of AirAsia are their asset, and their dedication, determination and patience have made AirAsia a success story. They have built conducive and positive AirAsia culture that permeates all the line of operation. annual subject field (AirAsia, 2006). in that location are five published list of values at AirAsia that are inculcated in the employees safety, passion, integrity, caring and fu n. These values provide a frame of reference for AirAsia experience and a corporate culture in which they live and deliver peak effect. Tony Fernandes usual style of dressing at work also reflects the culture at AirAsia. He goes to work wearing his trade mark red AirAsia cap, short sleeved t-shirts and a pair of jeans which are sometimes older than his employees. By doing so, he is able to break the mental barrier of communication between himself and his employees and get everybody to talk and give invaluable ideas. As mentioned earlier, People are AirAsias best asset. Tony Fernandes would like to crap a flat structure, where everyone has access to the big boss and that allows him to get the best people and discover their probable and natural endowment. A fine example of such(prenominal) discovery of talent would be Azmir Hashim, a former Guest Service staff who successfully graduated from AirAsias cadet pilot class.This proves that Tony provides support that fulfils the drea ms of his employees. In this way, Tony Fernandes has created a friendly and approachable working environment within his company. Tony Fernandesdoctrine of low fares aimed to make flying affordable for everyone while providing convenience and fun for its guests across the region is reflected by the successful Airbus A320, which is known for its fuel force, high reliability and low operating costs. The Airbus offers guests greater width space, a quieter ride and unrivalled comfort. In December 2007, AirAsia became the largest Airbus A320 customer in the world. The fleet consists of 56 Airbus A320 aircraft spread across Malaysia (44 aircraft), Thailand (8 aircraft) and Indonesia (4 aircraft) as of the end of 2008. Annual report (AirAsia, 2008). Through this approach, AirAsia has greater flexibility to meet the inescapably of each market while building on the cost efficiencies of operating one aircraft type.5.2 Espoused Beliefs and ValuesAt AirAsia, where Tony Fernandes aims to create the best environment within the company to work in, employees are treated as part of a big family, and being family, safety always comes first. AirAsia has committed itself to a programme of reducing risks and hazards normally associated with the airmanship industry through a Safety Management System. This commitment is extended to ensure the full integration of a safety culture, safety policy and safety objectives in a proactive approach to breeze safety. In short, the Safety Management System is not just an add-on but a tenderness part of AirAsias business process. A Safety Management System relies on the development of a reporting culture by all employees and is a vehicle for ensuring that hazards and safety deficiencies are brought to the attention of those who have the authority to make changes. CEO Tony Fernandes has pledged that he would not take disciplinary action against any employee who dared to make a stand and report a safety hazard to the companys management, and no staff member will be asked to com forestall AirAsias safety standards just to get the occupancy done.Training of employees to ensure they can perform their tasks in a safe and efficient manner is an of the essence(p) ingredient of AirAsias Safety Management System. It is managements responsibility to make available and select out this training, and it is the employees responsibility to follow safe working practices, said Tony Fernandes, who highlighted that safety is a center field value of his company. Annual report (AirAsia, 2010). To Tony Fernandes, the staff members are thepillars of his company, where everyone has a chance to shine regardless of their race, gender, creed, age, disablement religion and sexual orientation. The vital thing is to ensure quality work from the staff, and Tony Fernandes believes all these start from providing a happy workplace for them. The Junior Wings Club was set up in 2008 to encourage interaction and friendship between the families of AirA sians.The objectives of this Club is to allow the children of the AirAsia staff members to understand their parents line of reasonings, hone their characters and leadership skills, impart them with fellowship on various subjects and tap on their creativity by participating in activities together. The aim is to nurture a healthy balance between work and personal life so that it will aftermath in higher efficiency in work performance at AirAsia. This is an example of how AirAsia lives up to its expect of Valuing Our People. Annual report (AirAsia, 2008). Another main value at AirAsia is to enhance the guests experience by improving speed and efficiency at every interface between the guests and the airline. A comprehensive Microsoft-based node Relationship Management (CRM) system was deployed since 1 April 2010. This Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system integrates its various sales, swear out and marketing initiatives onto a single platform which allows AirAsia to intera ct with guests on a more informed introduction and tailor its services to meet individual guests needs.From reservations and check-ins, to baggage handling, boarding and in-flight Customer Relationship Management (CRM) takes business concern of them all. AirAsia supervisory staff members are strategically located at the airports to provide on-the-spot assistance to the guests. There are also Service Counters in the departure halls to handle enquiries. In 2010, AirAsia introduced new mobile remember apps for smart phones which makes booking-on-the-go more convenient. In January 2011, AirAsia also introduced the concept of web and self check-in. This allows guests to check in from their laptop or computers days before their departure dates. Guests can also quickly key in their flight details at kiosks at the terminal airports to obtain a boarding pass without having to queue up at a counter when they do self check-in. All these new implementations serve to make good its promise to make travel easy, convenient and fun for its guests. The s nucleuscard of Directors of AirAsia is committed in ensuring the highest standards of corporate boldness are applied throughout the Group.Reviewing adequacyand integrity of the Companys internal controls is one of the duties and responsibilities of the Board. The Board is made up of Non-Executive Directors, and they are persons of high calibre and integrity who collectively possess rich experience. It is inevitable that all Non-Executive Directors are independent in character and judgement who do not participate in the day-to-day management of the company and do not involve themselves in business transactions or relationships with the Group in order not to compromise their objectivity. In order to improve the overall organizational effectiveness and to uphold the integrity of the Company in the eyes of the public, the Company has updated the whistleblowing program during the year which acts as a formal communication chann el where all stakeholders can communicate their concerns in cases where the Companys business conduct is deemed to be contrary to the Companys parkland values.All concerns will be addressed to the Chief Audit Executive (Audit & Consulting Services), who will then assess all concerns reported and preach the appropriate action and all details pertaining to the name and position of the whistleblower will be kept strictly confidential throughout the investigation proceedings. Mazliana Mohamad was appointed the Regional Head of Audit and Consulting Services in 2010. Her main roles include providing independent and objective assurance and consulting services designed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of AirAsias operations and integrity of the financial reporting and to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Practicing the highest standards of ethical behavior and demonstrating honesty in all the line of work is vital to gain trust and command mutual respect a t AirAsia, and this is in line with Tony Fernandes beliefs of his companys winning values.Setting goals beyond the best and reinforcing high quality performance standards is to support AirAsias values of Excellence in public presentation. In its endeavor to be a full-fledged self-sufficient airline, AirAsia has set up its own honorary society which commenced operations in April 2005 with a vision to provide and fulfill training needs that would support their deputation to deliver low-cost, high quality benefits to their customers across the region. The Academy is a one-stop, comprehensive learning centre and caters to all the important and necessary needs for all its employees. This includes pilots, engineers, cabin crew, ramp support and guest services front-line staff. The platformundertaken conforms to international standards and this training facility complies to all the regulations of the Malaysian Department of elegant Aviation, Thai Department of Civil Aviation, Indonesia n Department of Civil Aviation and Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia. Annual report (AirAsia, 2008).5.3 Basic Underlying AssumptionThere is a great sense of empowerment of AirAsia enhanced by an open office layout which encourages easy interaction between everyone and flat hierarchy that breaks down psychological and cultural barriers. All staff (All Star) can approach any member of the management team to voice out an opinion or share an idea. Good ideas, proposed by anyone, can be implemented quickly because there is little bureaucracy. At the same time, bad ideas can be scrapped just as fast. The AirAsia staff members understand that generating ideas is not limited to the directors and executives of the company and that everyone can contribute ideas regardless of their rank in the company.This informal structure means not only that there are more than 8,000 brains (of All Star) contributing to the company performance as opposed to just 20 or so at management level. It also helps to keep costs down by tapping on internal resources as opposed to paying for outsourced external help. Human capital development at AirAsia is about providing opportunities to their people (All Star) opportunities such as fulfilling the dreams of the cabin crew and understanding officers to become pilots. This helps to develop talents within the company and saves cost on hiring a brand new employee who needs to be trained from scratch. With the basic assumption of Now Everyone Can Fly, AirAsia is operating in a cost optimization philosophy to make flying affordable for everyone.5. ConclusionWith the foundation that Tony Fernandes has created, the AirAsia staff members are currently in a friendly workplace with a flat hierarchy. This creates a conducive working environment where everyone can perform at their best. With the low cost implementations in place, AirAsia has continued to deliver its promise of affordable airfares with reliable services. As a company previously with almost RM40 millions in debt, AirAsia has made fantastic progressive steps to where it is today, thanks to the leadership of CEO Tony Fernandes. With the growth that sees AirAsia currently in 18 countries, it has potential to progress even more. Continued success creates strongly held shared assumptions, and thus a strong corporate culture core. If the internal and external environments remain stable, this continues to be an advantage.However, if there is a change in the environment, some of those shared core assumptions can become liabilities, precisely because of their strength. An example is a change of leadership in the company. Tony Fernandes created the very environment AirAsia is right now. But when the time comes for him to leave the company, the culture may diminish along with his departure. New leaders who come into the organization who do not share or value the core assumptions on which the organization was built may result either from the departure of the key culture ca rriers and the softness to find replacements with the same values and assumptions, or because the board wants to change the core culture and deliberately brings in outsiders with unalike values and assumptions. Schein (2009, p.171).6. RecommendationsFrom the analysis so far, we can see that AirAsia values its employees as much as its customers. The evidence is the environment created for its staff and its fulfillment of promises made to its customers. However, the leadership for AirAsia should not be taken for granted. In the face of the possible threat that Tony Fernandes may relinquish his role one day, career development programs can be rolled out to protect and preserve AirAsias culture. Top performing staff such as directors and executives could undergo training to prepare themselves for this potential role in the future. An internal candidate would be more suitable as this person would have been exposed to the AirAsia culture and familiar with the way AirAsia operates.This p rogram in place would likely ensure that the AirAsia culture can be preserved, and AirAsia will also arrest its position in the aviation industry. Aside from this, regional meetings and team building sessions are recommended to be held sporadically to keep the region abreast of each others activities internally, and it would also strengthen relationships between employees from different countries. This will also ensure that AirAsia is consistent in their visions and beliefs regardless of theirlocation. In conclusion, AirAsia is doing a great job and they should preserve their culture and continue with their mode of operation to enjoy success in the future.7. References1. Profile-Tony Fernandes of AirAsia (2006) in stock(predicate) at http//www.skorcareer.com/malaysia-eng/tonyfernandes-airasia-profile.htm (Accessed 26 November 2011). 2. http//www.rdasia.com/a_dream_takes_flight/ (no date) (Accessed 26 November 2011) 3. hrm ASIA (2010) governmental Culture. Available at http//www. hrmasia.com/resources/employer-branding/organisational-culture/41247/(2nd)/ (Accessed 26 November 2011) 4. http//www.rdasia.com/a_dream_takes_flight/ (no date) (Accessed 26 November 2011) 5. hrm ASIA (2010) Organizational Culture. Available at http//www.hrmasia.com/resources/employer-branding/organisational-culture/41247/(2nd)/ (Accessed 26 November 2011) 6. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadership. fourth edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 7. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadership. 4th edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 8. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadership. 4th edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 9. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadership. 4th edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 10. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadership. 4th edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 11. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadership. 4th edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 12. Schein, E.H. (2010) Organization Culture and Leadersh ip. 4th edn. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. 13. AirAsia (2006) Annual report. Available at http//issuu.com/airasia/docs/aa-corporate-06 (Accessed 26 November 2011). 14. AirAsia (2008) Annual report. Available at http//www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/pdf/AirAsia/IR/AA%20Corporate%202008.pdf (Accessed 26 November 2011). 15. AirAsia (2010) Annual report. Available at http//www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/pdf/AirAsia/IR/AirAsia_AR10.pdf (Accessed 26 November 2011). 16. AirAsia (2008) Annual report. Available at http//www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/pdf/AirAsia/IR/AA%20Corporate